000			02447nam a2200217Ia 4500
003			OSt
005			20230325130800.0
008			180225s1998 CNT 000 0 und d
040			_cNew Zealand National Baha'i Reference Library
100			_aMeir Litvak _91985
245	1	0	_aShi'i Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq : The 'Ulama' of Najaf and Karbala
260			_aCambridge _bCambridge University Press _c1998
300			_a xiv, 255 pages ; 23 cm.
440			_aCambridge Middle East Studies _91986 _v10
500			_aIn the nineteenth century, the shrine cities of Najaf and Karbala in Ottoman Iraq emerged as the most important Shi'i centres of learning. In a major contribution to the study of pre-modern Middle Eastern religious institutions, Meir Litvak analyses the social and political dynamics of these communities. Tracing the historical evolution of Shi'i leadership, he explores the determinants of social status amongst the ulama, the concept of patronage, the structure of learning, questions of ethnicity, and financial matters. He also assesses the role of the ulama as communal leaders who, in the face of a hostile Sunni government in Baghdad, were often obliged to adopt a more quietest political stance than their counterparts in Iran. This is an important book which sheds light on the formation of contemporary Shi'ism and the surrounding debates.
505			_aAcknowledgments x (2) Note on transliteration xii (1) List of abbreviations xiii (1) Map xiv Introduction 1 (18) Part 1 The community: learning and leadership 19 (96) 1 The community of learning: concept and organization 21 (24) 2 Leadership in the age of multiple centers 45 (19) 3 Monopolization of leadership in Najaf 64 (16) 4 Diffusion, centralization, and politicization 80 (16) 5 Determinants of status and leadership 96 (19) Part 2 The `ulama' between the Ottomans and the Qajars 115 (64) 6 The shrine cities, the Mamluks, and Iran 117 (18) 7 The `ulama' and the reassertion of direct Ottoman control 135 (15) 8 The `ulama' and Ottoman centralization policy 150 (15) 9 The changing political triangle, 1875-1904 165 (14) Conclusion 179 (10) Appendix 189 (5) Notes 194 (41) Glossary 235 (3) Bibliography 238 (12) Index
650		0	_aNineteenth Century _vBaha'i Faith _zIran _9490
650		0	_aOttoman Empire _vBaha'i Faith _91237
773			_tCambridge Middle East Studies, xiv, 255 p.
942			_2ddc _cBOOK
999			_c14610 _d14610